Cables


 
10Base5
 
50-ohm thick Coax
Thicknet
 
500 Meters
 
Bus
 
10Base2
 
50-ohm RG-58 A/U
Thinnet
 
185 Meters
 
Bus
 
10BaseT
 
Cat 3 UTP (or better)
 
100 Meters
 
Star
 
100BaseTX
 
Cat 5 UTP (or better)
 
100 Meters
 
Star
 
Gigabit Ethernet
 
Cat 6 UTP (or better)
 
Depends
 
Star
 
Category
 
Name
 
Speed
 
Network
 
Cat 1
 
Not suitable for data communications.
 
Cat 2
 
Not suitable for networks but may be used to connect terminals to mainframes.
 
Cat 3
 
10BaseT
 
10 Mbps
 
Ethernet
 
Cat 4
 
16 Mbps
 
Token Ring
 
Cat 5
 
100BaseTX
 
100 Mbps
 
Ethernet
 
Cat 6
 
Gigabit Ethernet
 
155 Mbps
 
Etnernet
 
Cat 7
 
1 Gbps
 
Ethernet

ACCESS MEDIA TYPES

BASEBAND BROADBAND
Digital Signaling Analog signaling
No frequency-division multiplexing (uses entire bandwidth of cable for 1 signal) Frequency-division multiplexing (use of splitter, such as a DSL filter)
Bi-directional transmission Unidirectional transmission
Signal travels short distances Signal travels long distances
EXAMPLES OF BASEBAND TRANSMISSION PROTOCOLS EXAMPLES OF BROADBAND TRANSMISSION PROTOCOLS
  • Ethernet (twisted pair), using CSMA/CD
  • 802.11 Wireless, using CSMA/CA
  • Token Ring
  • Polling
  • Cable (coax)
  • DSL (digital subscriber line)
 o    ADLS (Assemetric) More up (1-9Mbps)/Dn (16-784Kb)

o    SDSL & HDSL (1.55 Mbps up & dn)

o    VDSL (Very-high) Much higher speeds, shorter distance

  • Most leased lines, T1, T3, etc

Acess Media Cabling

CABLE TYPE BROADBAND
FIBER –

LOCAL LOOP

 Transmission on fiber optic wire requires repeating at distance intervals. The glass fiber requires more protection within an outer cable than copper. For these reasons and because the installation of any new wiring is labor-intensive, few communities yet have fiber optic wires or cables from the phone company’s branch office to local customers (local loop).
FIBER –

MULTI-MODE/SINGLE-MODE

 1. Multi-mode: uses LED, shorter distances over a single cable.

2. Single-mode: Uses laser, travels over greater distance, need 2 cables.
COAX –

COAXIAL

 Called “coaxial” because it includes one physical channel that carries the signal surrounded (after a layer of insulation) by another concentric physical channel, both running along the same axis. The outer channel serves as a ground. Many of these cables or pairs of coaxial tubes can be placed in a single outer sheathing and, with repeaters, can carry information for a great distance.
UTP –

TWISTING

 The fundamental difference between category 3 and category 5 is how tightly the copper wires are wound. This tightness (specification) determines the cable’s resistance to interference, allowable distance between two points and maximum speed before attenuation affects the signal.

Network Media Access Standards

802.3 Ethernet (10/100Mb/1Gb)
802.3a Ethernet 10Gb
802.4 Token Bus, FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) uses this.
802.5 Token Ring

Network Trnasmission Methods

ASYNC/SYNC Asynchronous communication functions by transferring data bits sequentially, (such as used with modems and dial-up remote access), whereas synchronous communication functions by sending data based on a timing signal that occurs at regularly timed intervals.
UNICAST Type of address that is addressed to one host.
MULTICAST Type of address that is addressed to a group.
BROADCAST Type of address that is addressed to all.
ANYCAST Type of address that has been designated to more than one interface and is used with IPv6; one IP assigned to multiple NICs.

Network Data Element Terms

Ethernet frame A single unit of Ethernet data; Ethernet is frame based network technology.
TCP segment A single unit of TCP data in the transport layer.
IP datagram A single unit of IP data.
Packet Packet is a group of information so would not be a “single unit”; TCP is segment based network technology.

IP Class Ranges / Reserved IPs

Class A
 
0.0.0.0   - 127.255.255.255
 
First byte (octet) = network
Remaining bytes (octets) = host
 
16 million
 
Blass B
 
128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
 
First two bytes = network
 
65 thousand
 
Class C
 
192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255
 
First three bytes = network
 
254 usable
 
Class D
 
224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255
 
Used for multicast traffic
 
Class E
 
240.0.0.0 – 255.255.255.255
 
Reserved for future use
 
1.       169.254.255.255   -> APIPA (Automatically Private IP Addressing).
2.       127.0.0.1         -> Loopback.
3.       10.255.255.255    -> Private Addressing, Internal network.
4.       172.16-31.255.255 -> Private Addressing, Internal network.
5.       192.168.255.255   -> Private Addressing, Internal network.